Post sleeve positioning apparatus and related methods

ABSTRACT

A post sleeve installation system can include a plurality of post sleeve installation devices and at least one spacing beam or mechanism. The spacing beam or mechanism can include end portions that rotate about multiple independent axes and can be coupled to a pair of post sleeve installation devices to determine or control the relative locations and orientations between two post sleeves. The post sleeve installation system can be used to install post sleeves for posts for a fence, a rail or other structure supported by posts.

BACKGROUND Technical Field

The disclosed embodiments relate in general to systems for positioningground inserts, or post sleeves, in the ground to receive posts, and inparticular to systems for accurately and repeatably positioning postsleeves relative to the surrounding terrain and/or adjacent postsleeves.

Description of the Related Art

Fences are ubiquitous in modern society, used in a vast range ofapplications, to mark and accent boundaries, provide security, andcontrol movement of people and animals. Thousands of miles of new andreplacement fences are installed every year in the U.S., and utilizevast amounts of construction-related natural resources.

FIG. 1 shows a landscape with a fence 100 extending along portionsthereof. The fence 100 shown in FIG. 1 comprises two major segments, orruns 102. A run is a section or portion of a fence that extends betweennatural dividing points such as corners, gates, buildings, etc. Exceptwhere a fence is attached to a building, each run 102 generally has amain post 104 a at each end and line posts 104 spaced between the mainposts. Each pair of adjacent posts 104 has a fence panel 106 coupledbetween them. Each panel 106 comprises horizontal elements, or rails108, and vertical elements, or fence boards 110.

Typically, fence construction and installation involves a number ofsteps. In some cases, a site survey is done to determine the preciselocation of the fence and to prevent the all-too-common (and potentiallyvery expensive) occurrence of installing a fence a few inches or feetbeyond the actual property line. A contractor visits the site toestimate the materials and labor required to build and install thefence. In addition to simply measuring linear feet required, elementssuch as topography and obstructions must be reviewed and accounted for.If the fence location has not been marked by the owner or surveyor, thecontractor may mark the location during the initial visit, or during alater visit. Installation is scheduled, and materials are ordered anddelivered to the site.

Depending on the scope of the project, the locations and spacing of thefence posts may be determined and laid out in advance, by a landscapearchitect, for example, or left to the installation crew to determine onsite. In either case, the spacing of the posts is limited by thematerial available, and typically is selected to make best use of thatmaterial. For example, 96 inch lumber is commonly used to frame woodenfences, so the maximum distance between posts cannot exceed 96 inches.On the other hand, if the contractor uses 96 inch lumber, it would bewasteful to set the posts 60 inches apart, which would result in aboutthree feet of waste from every framing rail. However, because of otherconsiderations, some waste is unavoidable. It is generally preferable toevenly space the posts of a given run of fence, to provide an attractiveand unified appearance. Inasmuch as such a run will rarely be evenlydivisible by eight feet, each post will be something less than eightfeet apart. Additionally, if the terrain includes changes in elevationwhich the bottom and/or top rail must follow, the length of the angledframing rails between two posts that are at different heights may bemuch greater than the lateral distance between the posts, which reducesthe maximum permissible horizontal distance between any of the posts ofthat run. Furthermore, it can be difficult, or at least time consuming,to precisely position a post to within a fraction of an inch, so amargin of an inch or two is generally provided. Thus, the posts may bespaced anywhere from a couple of inches to a couple of feet less thanthe maximum allowable distance. Finally, when building fences fromnatural materials such a wood, it is not uncommon for individual piecesto be unsuitable, because of, for example, a knot in a position thatunacceptably weakens a part, or an excessively warped board, etc. Forall of these reasons, some material waste is expected and allowed for inthe original estimate when calculating the materials for the framerails, and, for similar reasons, when calculating materials for fenceboards and posts.

Once the materials and crew are at the site, and with post locationsmarked, the post holes are dug, and the posts are installed. Each posthole may be partially backfilled with gravel to improve drainage, andthe post is then stood in the hole and held in place by several stakesdriven into the ground around the post and braces of scrap lumber nailedto the stakes and the sides of the post. A concrete footing is pouredinto the hole around the post and allowed to set, and the stakes arelater removed. With all the posts in place and the footings setsufficiently to remove the braces, frame rails are cut to fit, andattached to the posts, extending between adjacent posts along the bottomand top of the fence. Fence boards are then cut to length and attachedto the frame rails. Perfectly parallel and consistently spaced fenceboards along the entire fence run is important, because differences inspacing will become very obvious to an observer when there is daylightbehind the fence. Because of variations in the spacing of the posts, itis often necessary to rip fence boards lengthwise to maintain thecorrect spacing in some of the panels of a fence run. Additionally, thelengths of the fence boards may vary considerably. For example, theground line between posts can have obstructions or changes in elevationthat the installer adjusts for in the length of the fence boards inorder to maintain a straight line at the top of the fence while stillmaintaining proper spacing or ground clearance at the bottom.Additionally, many fences include decorative features along the top,such as arches or waves, in which case the builder may extend the fenceboards above the desired finish line, and cut the fence boards to followthe desired shape, after installation. The posts are also cut down tothe final length after installation, and post caps or finials are oftenattached to the tops. After the fence is installed, it is usuallypainted or stained to protect the wood and extend its useful life.

If properly executed using good quality material, a fence that is builtand installed as described above can be very attractive, and can lastfor many years. However, it will be noted that there is a significantamount of waste that is produced. Not only does such waste result inhigher material costs, it increases shipping costs because it must betransported to the site and later removed, it increases landfill use andfees, and wastes otherwise valuable resources.

In view of the expense, labor, and waste associated with installing afence that is custom-built on site, another method of building andinstalling fences has been introduced. Pre-manufactured fence panels arebecoming more available, and increasingly can be found in a wide varietyof materials, including wood, vinyl, composite, aluminum, steel,concrete, etc., and in a wide variety of designs.

Pre-manufactured panels or kits are typically sold from retail lumberand hardware outlets. The panels and kits are provided in standard sizesand are ready for installation. One common panel size, of the manyavailable, is six feet tall by eight feet long. The installer digs thepost holes at intervals of eight feet plus the width of a fence post,and places the first post, with stakes and braces to hold it plumb whilethe concrete sets, as described above. However, the installer alsoattaches the first fence panel to the post, and may attach the secondpost to the first panel at the same time, installing both poststogether. The installer then progresses post-by-post, attaching a panelbetween each pair of posts before pouring the footing around the secondof the pair, bracing each post and shimming up each panel to ensure thatthe post is held plumb and the fence level until the post footings aresufficiently hardened, which may be several days because of the mass ofthe fence being supported. This process ensures that the spacing betweenthe posts is correct for the eight-foot panels. At the end of a fencerun, if the last post is less than eight feet from the previous one, theinstaller cuts a fence panel to fit in the remaining space.Alternatively, the installer may install all of the posts first, butthis requires significant care to ensure that the distance between theposts is exactly correct. Otherwise, it may be necessary to trim thepanel to fit, or shim the post to fill a gap.

In contrast to site built fencing, pre-manufactured fence panels can beproduced efficiently, inexpensively, and at a consistent, predictablequality. Because they are produced in a manufacturing facility, wastecan be significantly reduced, and the waste that is produced is morelikely to be recycled either internally to produce other products orexternally rather than sent to a landfill. Material handling methods andautomated machines for material optimization allow utilization of alllengths of raw materials. The factory can obtain lumber that has notbeen cut to standard lengths, but is the full length of the log, orstem, from which it was milled. Scrap that won't work on one fence panelor design can be diverted and used for another. Flaws and defectivelumber can be detected automatically, and can often be cut out, allowingthe remaining material to be salvaged. This optimization anddefective-material/scrap management process is much more environmentallyfriendly than site-built fence processes, especially as it relates toreducing the production, and increasing the productive recycling, ofwaste lumber. As tree trunks don't come in perfect length increments,the factory can bring in material in lengths determined by the actualtree trunks and optimize those random lengths via computer to bestutilize the material, and minimize waste. The panels can be primed orfinished in spray booths or dip tanks in large volumes, using betterquality control, wasting less material, and reducing or eliminating theenvironmental impact that arises from on-site finishing.

Overall, fences built using pre-manufactured fence panels can be mademore efficiently, less expensively, and to higher and more consistentquality standards, with less waste and less environmental impact, thanfences custom-built on site.

Further, post sleeve positioning apparatuses and methods have beendeveloped to facilitate the efficient positioning and construction ofpost sleeves, fence posts, and fences. Prior post sleeve installationdevices have included a standing structure, a structure coupled to thestanding structure and configured to support a post sleeve below thestanding structure, and a mechanism configured to enable selectivetranslation of the support structure in three axes and rotation around avertical axis. Locks have been provided to lock the post sleeve at aselected position and orientation relative to the standing structure. Abeam extending from one installation device to another has been used tomeasure or control the relative spacing, orientation, and elevation ofassociated post sleeves, and related data has been collected foroff-site manufacture of fence panels. Additionally, a repository hasbeen provided, to which the data is transmitted for retention, and fromwhich the data can be retrieved for manufacture of replacement fencepanels. Examples are described in U.S. Pat. No. 7,861,434, which ishereby incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.

BRIEF SUMMARY

The present disclosure describes post sleeve positioning apparatuses andmethods having features and advantages not provided by prior systems.For example, the present disclosure describes post sleeve installationdevices and spacing beams that can be coupled to one another to form apost sleeve positioning system in which the spacing beam can be orientedat any angle with respect to the post sleeve installation devices. Thus,in the post sleeve positioning systems described herein, the spacingbeam need not be level during use, and rather can be oriented at anydesired pitch or incline. The post sleeve positioning systems describedherein can be more durable than prior systems and can make the processof positioning post sleeves, fence posts, and fences more efficient.

A system for positioning post sleeves may be summarized as including: afirst post sleeve installation device configured to receive a first postsleeve and to enable selective adjustment of a position of the firstpost sleeve; a second post sleeve installation device configured toreceive a second post sleeve and to enable selective adjustment of aposition of the second post sleeve; and a spacing mechanism coupleablebetween the first and second post sleeve installation devices todetermine or control an elevation of the first post sleeve relative tothe second post sleeve, the spacing mechanism having a variable lengthand an adjustable pitch.

The spacing mechanism may include a spacing beam configured to becoupled at a first end to the first post sleeve installation device andat a second end to the second post sleeve installation device. Theadjustable pitch of the spacing mechanism may enable the spacingmechanism to be oriented at a plurality of non-zero pitches. The spacingmechanism may include a main body having a first end and a second endopposite the first end, and the spacing mechanism may include a hingeand a joint at the first end of the main body. The hinge may have ahorizontal pivot axis that is perpendicular to a longitudinal axis ofthe main body, and the joint may have a pivot axis that is perpendicularto the horizontal pivot axis of the hinge. The joint may include a firstradial encoder to sense an angular rotation of the joint, and the hingemay include a second radial encoder to sense an angular rotation of thehinge. The main body may include telescoping portions and a main bodysensor configured to sense a change in length of the main body.

The system for positioning post sleeves may further include a controllerconfigured to receive signals from the first and second radial encodersand the main body sensor, and output data indicative of a position andan elevation of the first post sleeve installation device with respectto the second post sleeve installation device.

The spacing mechanism may include a main body having a first end and asecond end opposite the first end, and the spacing mechanism may includea respective hinge and a respective joint at each of the first andsecond ends of the main body, each hinge having a horizontal pivot axisthat is perpendicular to a longitudinal axis of the main body, and eachjoint having a pivot axis that is perpendicular to the horizontal pivotaxis of the hinge. The first post sleeve installation device may includea vertical coupling shaft, and an end of the spacing mechanism mayinclude an internal cavity configured to receive the vertical couplingshaft. The vertical coupling shaft may have a bottom end having across-sectional shape comprising a first square, and the internal cavitymay have an opening having a cross-sectional shape comprising a secondsquare corresponding to the first square. The first post sleeveinstallation device may include a plurality of vertical coupling shafts,and the end of the spacing mechanism may be selectively coupleable toone of the plurality of vertical coupling shafts.

A method may be summarized as including: installing a first fence postsleeve using an installation device; adjusting an elevation of a secondfence post sleeve relative to the first fence post sleeve using theinstallation device, the installation device including a spacingmechanism oriented at a non-zero pitch; and fixing the elevation of thesecond fence post sleeve relative to the first fence post sleeve.

Adjusting the elevation of the second fence post sleeve may includedetermining, using a controller, the elevation of the second fence postsleeve relative to the first fence post sleeve based on a signal,received by the controller, corresponding to the non-zero pitch.

The method may further include communicating a signal corresponding tothe elevation of the second fence post sleeve relative to the firstfence post sleeve to a remote database.

A method may be summarized as including: installing a first fence postsleeve; installing a second fence post sleeve; and determining anelevation of the second fence post sleeve relative to the first fencepost sleeve with a installation device including a spacing mechanismoriented at a non-zero pitch.

Determining the elevation of the second fence post sleeve relative tothe first fence post sleeve may include adjusting the pitch of thespacing mechanism.

The method may further include communicating a signal corresponding tothe elevation of the second fence post sleeve relative to the firstfence post sleeve to a remote database.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE SEVERAL VIEWS OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 shows a landscape with a fence.

FIG. 2 shows a known post sleeve positioning system including a pair ofpost sleeve installation devices and a level spacing beam.

FIG. 3 shows a perspective view of elements of one of the post sleeveinstallation devices of FIG. 2, showing position control and lockmechanisms for x, y, and z axes and orientation.

FIG. 4 shows a plan view of elements of the post sleeve installationdevice of FIG. 3, showing additional details of the position control andlock mechanisms.

FIG. 5 shows a perspective view of z-axis and orientation control andlock mechanisms of another known post sleeve installation device.

FIG. 6 shows a post sleeve attachment mechanism and quick releasemechanism of the post sleeve installation device of FIG. 3.

FIG. 7 shows the spacing beam of the post sleeve positioning system ofFIG. 2.

FIG. 8 shows a detailed view of a coupling mechanism of the spacing beamof FIG. 2.

FIG. 9 shows a post sleeve installation device for use in a post sleevepositioning system, according to at least one illustrated embodiment.

FIG. 10 shows components of the post sleeve installation device of FIG.9 at a larger scale, according to at least one illustrated embodiment.

FIG. 11 shows a spacing beam for use with the post sleeve installationdevice of FIG. 9, according to at least one illustrated embodiment.

FIG. 12 shows a top perspective view of components of the spacing beamof FIG. 11 at a larger scale, according to at least one illustratedembodiment.

FIG. 13 shows a bottom perspective view of components of the spacingbeam of FIG. 11 at a larger scale, according to at least one illustratedembodiment.

FIG. 14 shows another top perspective view of components of the spacingbeam of FIG. 11 at a larger scale, according to at least one illustratedembodiment.

FIG. 15 shows an image of components of the spacing beam of FIG. 11,according to at least one illustrated embodiment.

FIG. 16 shows a user interface for use with the systems describedherein, according to at least one illustrated embodiment.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

In the following description, certain specific details are set forth inorder to provide a thorough understanding of various disclosedembodiments. However, one skilled in the relevant art will recognizethat embodiments may be practiced without one or more of these specificdetails, or with other methods, components, materials, etc. In otherinstances, well-known structures associated with the technology have notbeen shown or described in detail to avoid unnecessarily obscuringdescriptions of the embodiments.

Unless the context requires otherwise, throughout the specification andclaims that follow, the word “comprising” is synonymous with“including,” and is inclusive or open-ended (i.e., does not excludeadditional, unrecited elements or method acts).

Reference throughout this specification to “one embodiment” or “anembodiment” means that a particular feature, structure or characteristicdescribed in connection with the embodiment is included in at least oneembodiment. Thus, the appearances of the phrases “in one embodiment” or“in an embodiment” in various places throughout this specification arenot necessarily all referring to the same embodiment. Furthermore, theparticular features, structures, or characteristics may be combined inany suitable manner in one or more embodiments.

As used in this specification and the appended claims, the singularforms “a,” “an,” and “the” include plural referents unless the contextclearly dictates otherwise. It should also be noted that the term “or”is generally employed in its broadest sense, that is, as meaning“and/or” unless the context clearly dictates otherwise.

As noted above, pre-manufactured fence panels provide a number ofbenefits over conventional site-built fences. Nevertheless, they are notwidely used, especially by commercial fence builders. A fundamentalproblem that prevents wider adoption of pre-manufactured fence panels isthat they are not manufactured for specific locations, but are made tostandard sizes, so the user does not have the option of usingnon-standard post spacing. Because the spacing must conform to astandard, a shorter, custom length panel is almost always required atone of the ends of a run, which can result in an unbalanced appearanceand detract from the appearance of the finished fence. Further, theprocess of making the custom length panel on site can add to the wastefactor. Additionally, a typical pre-manufactured fence panel can only beinstalled to extend perpendicular to a vertical post, so it cannotfollow a change in elevation. The installer is obliged to stair-step thepanels, as illustrated in the run 102 of FIG. 1, rather than “racking”the rectangular shape to become a parallelogram roughly following thetopography. Furthermore, stair stepping generally results in a gap underthe fence at the low side of each panel, which may require that someextension be added to the bottoms of the panels to fill the gaps. Theseoptions may not be acceptable to the end user, especially when the enduser is paying the higher cost that a typical site-built fence commands.Finally, commercial installers generally find it more efficient toinstall all of the posts first, and then install the structuralstringers and fence boards. Because of the difficulty in spacing andelevating the posts with sufficient accuracy for pre-manufacturedpanels, and the resulting extra expense entailed in more carefulspacing, or reworking a panel when the spacing is not correct,commercial fence contractors often avoid pre-manufactured fence panels.

With a more reliable and efficient mechanism for accurately positioningfence posts during installation, pre-manufactured fence panels would bemore widely acceptable. Additionally, if custom fence panels could bebuilt in a factory setting, they would benefit from many of the sameadvantages that are associated with the pre-manufactured commoditypanels, which are typically available only in standard styles and sizes.Thus, as noted above, some existing post sleeve positioning apparatusesand methods have been developed to facilitate the efficient positioningand construction of post sleeves, fence posts, and fences.

For example, systems are known for selectively positioning post sleevesin the ground, each sleeve being configured to receive a respectivefence post, such as the systems disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 7,861,434,which is hereby incorporated herein by reference in its entirety. Inaddition, post sleeves are disclosed, for example, in U.S. Pat. No.8,011,149, and entitled “Post Sleeve Assembly,” which is alsoincorporated herein by reference in its entirety. Post sleeves aredevices that are configured to be permanently fixed in the ground at thelocation of a fence or sign post, and into which the post is laterpositioned. Once a post sleeve is set in the ground, the preciseposition and depth of the post is fixed, and therefore the relativepositions and orientations of adjacent posts are also fixed, byrespective post sleeves, before the posts are emplaced. Accordingly, thedimensions of a fence panel that is to be installed between two adjacentposts can be determined, from the relative positions and orientation ofthe post sleeves, to a degree sufficient to manufacture the paneloffsite, with confidence that the panel will properly fit between theposts that are eventually placed in the sleeves. Finally, if theposition and orientation of the post sleeves of a fence can beadequately controlled during installation, the dimensions of each of thefence panels can be planned in advance, so that the posts and fencepanels can be ready for installation when the post sleeves areinstalled.

By way of additional background, FIG. 2 shows a known post sleevepositioning system 200. The system 200 includes a plurality of postinstallation devices, or “spider frames” 202 a, 202 b, and a spacingbeam 204 having first and second ends 205, 207. Hereafter, except whereit is necessary to distinguish between spider frames 202 a and 202 b ofFIG. 2, they will be referred to simply by reference number 202.

Each spider frame 202 is configured to suspend a post sleeve 206 in apost hole in a position that is minutely adjustable in three axes andaround a longitudinal axis. The spacing beam 204, when coupled to extendbetween two spider frames 202 supporting respective post sleeves, isconfigured to determine or control the relative positions andorientations of the post sleeves 206.

Using at least two spider frames 202 and a spacing beam 204, a user caninstall post sleeves in preselected positions, relative to each other,well within acceptable tolerances for offsite production of custompre-manufactured fence panels and cut-to-length posts, for futureinstallation by others. By leapfrogging two or more spider frames 202,as will be described later in more detail, a user can similarly installany number of post sleeves.

Each spider frame 202 comprises a leg assembly 208, a column assembly210, and a position assembly 212. The leg assembly 208 supports thespider frame 202 and includes a plurality of legs 214 with adjustablefeet 216 by which the spider frame 202 can be positioned level over apost hole, regardless of the terrain. As shown on the spider frame 202a, the legs 214 each include an inner telescoping sleeve 215 toaccommodate extreme slopes. Spirit vials 218 are attached to an uppersurface of the leg assembly 208 to facilitate leveling. Adjustment knobs220 at the top of each leg 214 are coupled to an extension mechanism ofthe respective leg. Using a standard cordless drill with a driverinsert, the user can engage a socket provided in each knob 220 to adjustthe length of the respective leg 214. Rotation of the knob 220 in onedirection, e.g., clockwise, extends the respective foot 216 andlengthens the leg, while rotation of the knob in the opposite directionretracts the foot 216 and shortens the leg. The knobs can also bemanually rotated. In alternative implementations, motors or actuatorsare provided in the spider frame to control the leg lengths. Handles221, shown on spider frame 202, are provided to simplify moving andlifting of the spider frame. At least two of the legs 214 can beprovided with lockable wheels to permit a single installer to move thespider frame “wheelbarrow” style.

Turning to FIG. 3, the column assembly 210 and portions of the positionassembly 212 are shown. The position assembly 212 includes a columnassembly bearing block 232 with a cylindrical aperture 234 extendingtherethrough parallel to the Z axis and two guide channels 235 extendingparallel to the X axis. A pair of guide shafts 236 are positioned inrespective ones of the guide channels 235 with a pair of Y axis racks240 extending between the guide shafts at respective ends. The columnassembly 210 is supported by the bearing block 232, which in turn iscoupled to the leg assembly 208 via the guide shafts 236. The ends ofguide shafts 236 engage respective Y-axis bushings 250 that arepositioned in slots formed in the leg assembly 208, permitting the guideshafts 236, with the bearing block 232 and column assembly 210, totranslate in the Y axis. A

Y-axis lock 252 is coupled to the leg assembly 208 and includes a rackengagement block 254 configured to engage the teeth of one of the Y-axisracks 240, in order to lock the guide shafts 236 in the Y axis. Apneumatic piston 256 is configured to disengage the Y-axis lock 252 whenactivated. The position assembly 212 also includes mechanism for lockingthe position of the column assembly in the X and Z axes and orientation.These mechanisms are shown and described in more detail later.

The column assembly 210 comprises a Z-axis index 222, a Z-axis spacer226, and a post sleeve support assembly 228 (see FIG. 6). The Z-axisindex 222 has four vertical faces 229, each of which is provided with apair of longitudinal slots 225 and an elevation scale 223 between theslots. Adjustable support saddles 227 slidably engage the longitudinalslots 225, and are configured to receive an end of the spacing beam 204,which will be described later. The Z-axis index 222 is rigidly coupledto one end of the Z-axis spacer 226, while the post sleeve supportassembly 228 is rigidly coupled to the other end of the Z-axis spacer.Thus, the distance and orientation of the post sleeve support assembly228 remains fixed with respect to the Z-axis index 222. The Z-axisspacer 226 extends through the aperture 234 of the column assemblybearing block 232 so that a portion of the column assembly is above thebearing block and a portion is below. The Z-axis spacer 226 istranslatable in the Z axis and rotatable around a longitudinal axis thatlies parallel to the Z axis, within the aperture 234 of the columnassembly bearing block 232. A Z-axis control 268 is provided (see FIG.5) that locks the column assembly 210 in the Z-axis and in orientation,relative to the bearing block 232.

Turning to FIGS. 4 and 5, elements of the position assembly aredescribed in more detail. FIG. 4 shows the position assembly 212 in planview, with outlines of the leg assembly 208 and the column assemblybearing block 232 provided in dashed lines to show relative positions.Also shown are the locations of slots 251 in which the Y-axis bushings250 are positioned to permit translation of the bearing block 232 andcolumn assembly 210 in the Y axis. The Z-axis spacer 226 is positionedin the cylindrical aperture 234, and includes a longitudinal aperture231 through which a portion of the Z-axis control 268 extends.

The bearing block 232, with the column assembly 210, slides along theguide shafts 236 in the X axis. X-axis bushings 258 are provided in theguide apertures 235 to facilitate movement of the bearing block 232along the guide shafts 236 without undue play. An X axis rack 237 iscoupled to one of the guide shafts. An X-axis lock 260 is coupled to thebearing block 232 and comprises a rack engagement block 262 configuredto engage the teeth of the X-axis rack 237, in order to lock the bearingblock 232 in the Y axis. A pneumatic piston 264 is configured todisengage the X-axis lock 260 when activated.

FIG. 5 shows, in perspective view, the position assembly 212 andportions of the column assembly 210. The bearing block 232 and theZ-axis spacer 226 are shown in dashed lines for reference. The Z-axiscontrol 268 includes a Z-axis lift bracket 380, a lead screw 382, and aZ-axis drive. The Z-axis lift bracket 380 is coupled to the bearingblock 232 and cantilevers into the longitudinal aperture 231 of theZ-axis spacer 226, which extends for a substantial portion of the lengthof the spacer. The shape of the Z-axis lift bracket 380 and the width ofthe longitudinal aperture 231 cooperate to permit rotational adjustmentof the column assembly 210 across a significant range. For example, thecolumn assembly 210 can be rotated about 20-25 degrees in eitherdirection from center. Provided the installer is able to orient thespider frame 202 to within about 20 degrees of the correct orientation,the column assembly 210 can be precisely adjusted to the desiredorientation. The lead screw 382 is coupled to a plate at the bottom ofthe Z-axis spacer 226 and extends axially within the spacer and throughan aperture in the Z-axis lift bracket 380. The Z-axis drive is mountedto the Z-axis lift bracket 380 and engages the lead screw 382. Althoughnot shown in detail, the Z-axis drive operates in a manner similar tothe worm drive 330 described with reference to FIG. 7. A drive inputshaft is provided for operation of the Z-axis drive, which, moves thecolumn assembly in the Z axis, relative to the bearing block 232. Thedrive input shaft is provided with a socket that is configured toreceive a drive key, and can be operated using a common cordless drill.

An orientation lock 390 is coupled to the Z-axis lift bracket 380 insidethe Z-axis spacer 226, and includes a brake shoe 392, pivotably coupledto the lift bracket, and a pneumatic actuator 394 that is rigidlycoupled to the lift bracket via an actuator mount that is not shown. Aspring pulls the brake shoe 392 down into engagement with the innersurface of the Z-axis spacer 226, effectively locking rotation of thecolumn assembly 210. When the actuator 394 is activated, it pushesupward on the brake shoe 392 to disengage it from the spacer and permitrotational and Z-axis adjustment of the column assembly 210.

FIG. 6 shows the lower end of the Z-axis spacer 226 and the post sleevesupport assembly 228. The post sleeve support assembly 228 includes anexterior casing 290, shown partially cut away to show details of asleeve lift lock 292. The support assembly is also shown separated fromthe lower end of the Z-axis spacer 226 to better illustrate a quickrelease mechanism 300, by which the support assembly can be easilycoupled and decoupled with the Z-axis spacer 226 allowing attachment ofother devices such as bolt pattern plates or removable post hole molds.The lift lock 292 includes a pair of lift latches 296 configured toengage respective notches on inner surfaces of a post sleeve via slots298 in the casing 290, in order to couple the sleeve to the post sleevesupport assembly 228. A pneumatic cylinder 295 is configured to withdrawthe latches into the casing to release the post sleeve. A manual releaseis also provided, comprising a section of braided wire coupled to thelift lock and extending to a pull-ring outside the upper end of the postsleeve support assembly 228.

The quick release mechanism 300 is provided to couple the post sleevesupport assembly 228 to the Z-axis spacer 226. The quick releasemechanism 300 includes a pair of support bars 302 coupled to the upperportion of the post sleeve support assembly 228, and engagement notches304, a spring latch 306, and a release handle 308 coupled to the lowerend of the Z-axis spacer 226. To couple the post sleeve support assembly228 to the Z-axis spacer 226, the user first positions one of thesupport bars 302 in the engagement notches 304, then applies upwardforce to the post sleeve support assembly until the spring latch 306engages the other of the support bars 302. To release the post sleevesupport assembly 228, the user presses the release handle 308, whichdisengages the spring latch 306 from its support bar 302, permitting theother support bar to disengage from the engagement notches 304.

For operation of the various pneumatic devices described above, thespider frame 202 can be provided with an onboard source of pressurizedair, as described later in an alternate design, or can include apneumatic connector configured to receive pressurized air from anexternal source, such as from a compressor, storage tank, etc.

In operation, a user first attaches a post sleeve to the spider frame202. This can be done by engaging the post sleeve support assembly 228in a post sleeve, then coupling the quick-release mechanism 300, withthe spider frame standing on buckets or saw horses, or otherwisesomewhat elevated to provide sufficient clearance. The user, preferablywith a helper, then positions the spider frame 202 over a previouslyprepared post hole. The user adjusts the legs 214 until the spider frame202 is level and stable, referring to the spirit vials 218 to find thelevel position. The user then releases the Y-axis lock 252 by applyingair pressure to the pneumatic piston 256, and moves the column assembly210 in the Y axis until it is correctly positioned, then releases theair pressure from the piston 256, which locks movement in the Y axis.The user then releases the X-axis lock 260 by applying air pressure tothe pneumatic piston 264, and moves the column assembly 210 in the Xaxis until it is correctly positioned, then releases the air pressurefrom the piston 264, which locks movement in the X axis. Alternatively,the user can release both X- and Y-axis locks simultaneously and movethe column assembly freely in both axes, then, when the assembly isproperly position, engage both locks again.

Having positioned the post sleeve in the X and Y axes, the user thenactivates the pneumatic actuator 394 to free the rotation lock 390 andthe Z-axis control 268. Operation of the Z-axis drive moves the columnassembly, with the post sleeve attached, in the Z-axis, and orientationcan be simultaneously adjusted. When the actuator 394 is released, thebrake shoe 392 again engages the Z-axis spacer 226, rotationally lockingthe column assembly.

With the post sleeve correctly positioned, the user back-fills the posthole with concrete or other hardenable material around the post sleeve.When the concrete or other hardenable material has set sufficiently tohold the post sleeve in position, the user releases the lift lock 292 toseparate the post sleeve support assembly 228 from the sleeve, andraises the column assembly 210 until the post sleeve support assembly228 is out of the sleeve. The user can then move the spider frame fromits position over the post hole, and repeat the installation steps toinstall additional sleeves.

In some instances, the sleeve can be placed in the hole first, then thespider frame placed over the hole and the sleeve engaged while in thehole. In the event there is no “partner” to assist, this is a desiredmethod, due to the weight concerns.

While various mechanisms have been disclosed as being actuated bypneumatic pistons that are configured to disengage their respectivelocking mechanisms or provide z axis control, other control and lockingsystems can be used. Examples include manually operated locks, such thatthe user engages and disengages the locks by rotating respective leversor latches, locks operated by automatically or manually entering adesired position into a control circuit, sensors provided at variouslocations to detect the position and orientation of the column assembly,or servomotors controlled to reposition the column assembly to thedesired position and orientation. The spider frame can also beself-leveling.

Sensors such as are well known in the art detect the degree ofcorrection required to level the frame, and activate servomotors,pistons, or the like, to extend or retract the feet as necessary.

Turning to FIG. 7, the spacing beam 204 is shown with portions cut awayto show internal detail. The spacing beam 204 includes a hollow casing310, an extension arm 312, an extension mechanism, 314, a fixed arm 316,and first and second mounting fixtures 318. The hollow casing 310, theextension arm 312, and the fixed arm 316 are formed from materials thatare selected to be substantially rigid and lightweight, such as, forexample, aluminum extrusion, fiberglass, carbon fiber, structural foam,etc. The hollow casing 310 includes a handle section 320 thatincorporates electronic control circuitry, the operation of which willbe described later. The extension arm 312 is configured to slidetelescopically within the hollow casing 310. The first mounting fixture318 is coupled to a first end 336 of the extension arm 312, which alsocorresponds to the first end 205 of the spacing beam. A drive nut 322 iscoupled to a second end 338 of the extension arm 312, inside the casing310. Scale markings 324 along the top of the extension arm 312 indicate,at the point where the extension arm enters a first end 341 of thehollow casing 310, a total length of the spacing beam 204.

The extension mechanism 314 includes a mounting plate 326, a worm drive330, and a threaded drive rod 328 coupled to the mounting plate via abearing block 344, and having a worm gear of the worm drive fixedthereto. A drive input shaft 332 is coupled to a worm of the worm drive330, which engages the worm gear for rotation of the drive rod 328. Anencoder 334 is mounted on the mounting plate and coupled to an end ofthe drive rod 332 to detect and meter rotation of the drive rod relativeto the casing 310. The mounting plate 326 is rigidly coupled to thecasing 310, with the drive rod extending longitudinally within thecasing and the drive input 332 extending from the casing via anaperture. The drive rod 328 engages the drive nut 322 of the extensionarm 312 inside the casing 310 such that rotation of the drive rodextends or retracts the extension arm, according to the direction ofrotation. The drive input shaft 332 is provided with a socket that isconfigured to receive a drive key, and can be operated using a commoncordless drill. In other instances, a servo motor is provided,configured to rotate the threaded drive rod 328, the drive nut 322, orthe drive input 332 to extend and retract the extension arm 312.

The fixed arm 316 is rigidly coupled to the hollow casing 310 andextends a short distance from a second end 342 of the casing. The secondmounting fixture 318 is coupled to the portion of the fixed arm 316 thatextends from the casing 310, at the second end of the spacing beam 204.

The first and second mounting fixtures 318 may be substantiallyidentical, and one is shown partially exploded in FIG. 7. Each mountingfixture 318 includes a hinge knuckle 350 that is rigidly coupled to oneof the fixed or extension arms 316, 312. The hinge knuckle 350 isrotatably coupled to a mounting bracket 354 by a coupling pin 352. Anencoder is mounted in the hinge knuckle 350 and coupled to the couplingpin 352 to detect and meter rotation of the hinge knuckle 350 relativeto the mounting bracket 354. The mounting brackets 354 also include ascale 358 indicating degrees of rotation, and an indexing pointer 356 isprovided on the end of the respective arm 316, 312, positioned toindicate on the scale 358 the angle of the spacing beam 204 relative tothe mounting bracket 354. Spirit vials 360 are provided on the fixed andextension arms 316, 312 and configured to be centered when the spacingbeam 204 is in a level position. The mounting brackets 354 areconfigured to be coupled to an index face 229 of the column assembly 210of the respective spider frame 202, as described in detail withreference to FIG. 8.

In some instances, a metering circuit may be provided in the handlesection 320, and coupled to the encoder 334 of the extension mechanism314 and the encoders of the first and second mounting fixtures 318. Themetering circuit is configured to determine, from the signal provided bythe encoder 334 the position of the extension arm 312 relative to thecasing 310, and thus the overall length of the spacing beam 204. Fromsignals provided by the encoders, the metering circuit determines theangle of each of the mounting brackets 318 relative to a longitudinalaxis of the spacing beam 204. The electronic system can also include anelectronic level with a digital readout indicating the angle of thebeam, and can provide an audible signal when the beam is level, whichrelieves the installer of the necessity to refer to a spirit vial whileadjusting the beam.

When the spacing beam 204 is level and coupled to extend between twospider frames 202, as shown in FIG. 2, the precise distance between thetwo spider frames is equal to the length of the beam, which is indicatedby the scale markings 324 on the extension arm 312, the relativeorientations of the column assemblies 210 of the respective spiderframes is reflected by the angles of the mounting brackets 354 relativeto the axis of the beam, and the difference in elevation is obtained byreference to the elevation scales 223 on the index faces 229 to whichthe respective mounting brackets 354 are coupled, as discussed below.

Turning to FIG. 8, a detail of FIG. 2 is shown, indicated in FIG. 2 bydashed circle 9. FIG. 8 shows the second end 207 of the spacing beam204, including the fixed arm 316 and the second mounting fixture 318,with the mounting bracket 354 coupled to a saddle 227, which in turn isslidably engaged to the longitudinal slots 225 of one of the faces 229of the Z-axis index 222. A second saddle 227 is shown in exploded view,coupled to an adjacent face 229. The saddle 227 includes a locking plate345 that is captured between facing pairs of the longitudinal slots 225so as to be slidable along the face of the Z-axis index 222, but notremovable. The locking plate 345 has a threaded aperture 347 that isengaged by a tensioning knob 349. The tensioning knob 349 includes athreaded connector 351 that traverses an aperture 353 in the saddle 227and engages the threaded aperture 347 in the locking plate 345. Whilethe tensioning knob 349 is loose, the locking plate 345 can slide alongthe longitudinal slots 225, but when the user tightens the tensioningknob 349, the saddle 227 and locking plate 345 cooperate to lock thesaddle in position.

A locking pin 370 of the mounting bracket 354 engages a transverseaperture 355 in the saddle 227 and corresponding apertures in themounting bracket 354 to form a hinged coupling between the mountingbracket and the saddle, which permits one end of the spacing beam 204 tobe coupled to a spider frame 202 as the user raises the other end untilthe spacing beam is level. The elevation of the mounting bracket 354 onthe Z-axis index 222 can be read from the scale 223 adjacent to the topsurface of the mounting bracket.

It will be recognized that the value indicated on scale 223 has norelation to the elevation of the mounting bracket relative to thebearing block 232 or the leg assembly 208, or even, directly, to theground on which the spider frame 202 is positioned. Instead, the valueis directly related to the distance of the mounting bracket from thepost sleeve coupled to the column assembly 210.

Thus, the difference in values indicated at the first and secondmounting brackets 354 of the spacing beam 204, coupled to respectivespider frames 202, represents the difference in elevation between therespective post sleeves. If the mounting bracket 354 that is coupled tothe higher of the two spider frames is aligned with the zero position atthe bottom of the corresponding scale 223, the value indicated at theopposite mounting bracket will be the actual difference in elevationbetween the post sleeves. Otherwise, it is a simple matter ofsubtraction to obtain the correct value.

The hinge knuckle 350 of the mounting fixture 318 is provided with anadditional encoder that is configured to read the scale 223 of theZ-axis index 222 and provide a signal corresponding to the verticalposition of the mounting bracket 318 on the index, and the meteringcircuit is configured to derive a relative elevation difference of thepost sleeves on the basis of signals from encoders at the first andsecond ends 205, 207 of the spacing beam, to establish the relativeelevation difference.

Laser distance finders are coupled to the ends of the spacing beam 204in proximity to the coupling pin 352, and configured to provide a signalcorresponding to a distance from the mounting bracket to a plate at thebase of the Z-axis index, from which the elevation difference can bederived.

Installation of a number of post sleeves, for a fence run, for example,will now be described with reference to FIG. 2. To differentiate betweenthe elements of the spider frames 202 a and 202 b in the description,references to elements of the spider frame 202 a will include thecharacter “a,” while references to elements of the spider frame 202 bwill include the character “b.”

The basic layout of the fence is first established. This generallyinvolves determining the location of the main posts, and the appropriatespacing between the line posts. A fence line is then established. Thisis traditionally done by running a string line parallel to the fenceline some short specific distance away, which permits the installer tobuild the fence without interfering with the line, but having the lineavailable for reference. It is becoming more common for a contractor touse a laser plane projector, such as is used in many of the constructiontrades, to project a vertical plane along the fence line. The installerstarts at the far end and works toward the projector, using the verticalline projected by the device to align the fence.

To install a number of post sleeves, an installer user first providespost holes at the general locations where the post sleeves are to beinstalled. A first post sleeve 206 is positioned in the X, Y, and Z axesusing a first spider frame 202 a, substantially as described above. Thespider frame 202 a is locked in orientation and all axes, oriented andaligned with the centerline of the fence line. The footing of the firstpost sleeve is then poured.

A second spider frame 202 b is positioned over the adjacent post holewith a second post sleeve attached. The second spider frame 202 b isleveled and the second post sleeve is correctly positioned in the Zaxis. The second spider frame 202 b is locked in the z axis only, beingotherwise free to move and rotate. Evaluating the two post sleeves, theinstaller determines which is at a higher elevation, which, in FIG. 2,is the sleeve of spider frame 202 b. Using support saddles 227 on themost nearly mutually facing faces 229 of the Z-axis indexes 222 of thespider frames 202 a, 202 b, the installer sets the higher sleeve'ssaddle 227 to the zero position, and sets the opposing saddle 227 toapproximately or exactly the same elevation. This can be done with alaser level or vial level, etc. The spacing beam 204 is then set to thedesired length, and its first end 205 is coupled to the saddle 227 ofthe first spider frame 202 a. With the X and Y axes and rotation of thesecond spider frame 202 b unlocked, the second spider frame 202 b ismanipulated until the second end of the spacing beam can be coupled tothe saddle 227 of the second spider frame 202 b. The level of thespacing beam 204 is adjusted, if necessary, by moving the mountingbracket of the lower (202 a) of the spider frames until the beam isperfectly level.

The second spider frame 202 b is then brought into proper alignmentwith, and centered on, the fence line, with the column assembly 210 bfloating in the X and Y axes and rotation, to permit alignment and anyfinal adjustments of the beam length. With the spacing beam 204 set andlevel, and the column assembly 210 b correctly positioned in the X and Yaxes and in orientation, the installer engages the respective locks,then pours the footing of the second post sleeve.

If the post sleeves are being installed to a prepared plan that setsforth specific values, the values will have been confirmed before andafter the footing is poured, and are thus known. If the sleeves arebeing installed according to a more general plan, in which, for example,the distances between fence posts have been substantially predetermined,but other parameters are to be established on site, data from the spiderframes and spacing beam is collected immediately after the footing ispoured, including distance, relative orientation, and relativeelevation.

One of the advantages provided by the aforementioned systems is thatpost sleeves can be installed according to very precise position andorientation requirements. This is advantageous when using fence panelsthat are manufactured before the sleeves are installed, because the sizeand shape of the panels are already fixed. However, another advantage isthat, where the fence panels will be manufactured after sleeveinstallation, sleeves can be installed with a certain degree oflatitude, because, however inexact the installation may be, the exactvalues of the relative positions and orientations of the sleeves areobtained once the sleeves are emplaced. This permits an installer towork much more quickly than would be possible when installing to veryprecise values, while still being able to obtain accurate values for themanufacturer of the panels.

Each post sleeve may be provided with a unique identifier (UI). This canbe a factory-installed serial number (e.g., a 5 digit alphanumericserial number), barcode, or reference marking, which can be printed,embossed, or otherwise placed on the post sleeve or on the footing asthe sleeve is installed, some reference marking on a plat map, GPScoordinates, etc. In some cases, the unique identifier can be providedby an RFID device within the post sleeve. In any case, these identifiersare recorded with the collected data so that the correct fence panel canbe manufactured and installed. Each post to be installed within arespective fence post sleeve can be provided with its own uniqueidentifier matching the unique identifier of the fence post sleevewithin which it is to be installed. Each fence panel to be installedbetween two fence posts can be provided with its own unique identifier,which can be a combination of the unique identifiers for the fence postsbetween which it is to be installed (e.g., the unique identifiers forthe fence posts can be combined and separated by a hyphen). The order inwhich the unique identifiers for the fence posts are combined cansignify the orientation of the fence panel in the field. For example,the fence panel can be oriented in the field so that its right side,when viewed from the fence post of the first unique identifier to thefence post of the second unique identifier, faces outward with respectto a fenced-in region (or in an alternative implementation, inward).

Once the data has been collected, the user decouples the spacing beam204 from the first and second spider frames and repeats the process bypositioning a third post sleeve coupled to a third spider frame in ahole prepared adjacent to the second post sleeve, with the second spiderframe now fixed in position and the third spider frame being adjustedaccordingly.

An installer may work with as few as three or four spider frames, whileall but the shortest fences will have many more posts to be installed.Accordingly, once the available spider frames have been used, the usertests the oldest of the footings for firmness of the concrete, and whensafe, moves that spider frame to the newest hole. Depending on how fastthe concrete sets and how fast the installer works, it may be necessaryto use three to six spider frames to efficiently install any number ofpost sleeves, leapfrogging each from the back of the line to the frontas the concrete in each hole sets.

As each post sleeve is positioned, data necessary to manufacture a fencepanel for that location is collected from the spacing beam 204,including the exact distance between the post sleeves, the relativeorientation of the post sleeves, and the relative elevation of the postsleeves.

The data can be collected in a number of different ways. For example,the installer can merely read the values from the spacing beam 204 andZ-axis index, and write them down or enter them into a recording device.Alternatively, the spacing beam 204 can be provided with a meteringdevice that includes a transmitter, configured to transmit the relevantdata to a receiver that saves the data for each panel. Postidentification data can also be collected automatically or manually.Each post sleeve can be provided with a unique bar code identifier orRFID tag that the user scans to enter.

The user sends the data for the fence to a central data repositoryand/or a manufacturer, who then manufactures all of the panels, markseach panel with the appropriate information to identify the post sleevessupporting the posts between which it will be attached, and ships thepanels back to the user. The manufacturer may also cut posts to thecorrect lengths and ship those, as well. The user then correlates themarkings on the posts and panels to the unique identifier of the postsleeves, and then places the fence posts in the corresponding postsleeves and installs each fence panel between the designated pair ofposts.

As the data is collected, it may be immediately uploaded to therepository or manufacturer via a cellular or web connection, allowingproduction of the panels to begin as the sleeves are being installed.

The positions and spacing of the fence posts may be determined inadvance, and the fence panels are preordered. In this case, the userinstalls the post sleeves from a specific plan, and positions the postsprecisely as required to receive the panels. In such a case, it becomesnecessary to perform at least a basic survey of the property toestablish overall dimensions and elevations. In a similar way, a usercan install mass-produced fence panels at their standard spacing.

Post positioning systems have been disclosed that employ spider frameswith adjustable legs for positioning post sleeves. However, in someinstances, a motorized system may be provided in lieu of adjustable legsor other structures, which is self-propelling, using wheels, or trackssimilar to those of a bulldozer, and that includes a post sleeveattachment, as well as systems for manually or automaticallypositioning, orienting, and plumbing a post sleeve. The system can beconfigured to be operated by direct or remote control of an operator, orto be preprogrammed so as to move automatically from one position to thenext, guided by GPS, or by reference to a fixed position, such as atransmitter or a surveyor device, or by other known systems or methods.

FIGS. 9 through 15 illustrate embodiments including post sleeveinstallation devices and spacing beams that can be coupled to oneanother to form a post sleeve positioning system in which the spacingbeam can be oriented at any angle with respect to the post sleeveinstallation devices. Thus, in the post sleeve positioning systemsillustrated in FIGS. 9 through 15, the spacing beam need not be levelduring use, and rather can be oriented at any desired pitch or incline.FIGS. 9 and 10 illustrate an embodiment of a spider frame or post sleeveinstallation device 500 for use in a post sleeve positioning system.With the exception of the features of the post sleeve installationdevice 500 described herein, the post sleeve installation device 500 cancomprise components and features similar or identical to those of thepost sleeve installation devices or spider frames 202 described abovewith reference to FIGS. 2 through 8. FIGS. 11 through 15 illustrateanother embodiment of a spacing beam 600 for use with the post sleeveinstallation device 500 (or a plurality of post sleeve installationdevices 500) in a post sleeve positioning system. With the exception ofthe features of the spacing beam 600 described herein, the spacing beam600 can comprise components and features similar or identical to thoseof the spacing beam 204 described above with reference to FIGS. 2through 8.

As shown in FIG. 9, the post sleeve installation device 500 can includethree legs 502 having components and features similar or identical tothose of the legs 214 described above with reference to FIGS. 2 through8. For example, the legs 502 can include adjustable feet 504 by whichthe post sleeve installation device 500 can be positioned level over apost hole regardless of the terrain. Using three legs 502 rather thanfour legs 214 can simplify the post sleeve installation device 500,thereby reducing expense, and can simplify the process of levelling thepost sleeve installation device 500 over a post hole. The post sleeveinstallation device 500 also includes a Z-axis spacer 506 similar to theZ-axis spacer 226 described above with reference to FIGS. 2 through 8.

As shown in greater detail in FIG. 10, the post sleeve installationdevice 500 also includes a coupling assembly 508 coupled to the top endportion of the Z-axis spacer 506, which can be used to couple the postsleeve installation device 500 to one or more spacing beams 600. Thecoupling assembly 508 can include a central vertical extension shaft 510coupled to and extending vertically away from the top of the Z-axisspacer 506, and a central coupling shaft 514 coupled to and extendingvertically away from the top end portion of the vertical extension shaft510. The coupling assembly 508 can also include a plurality ofperipheral coupling shafts or protrusions 512 coupled to and extendingvertically away from the top of the Z-axis spacer 506.

The coupling assembly 508 is shown in FIGS. 9 and 10 as having threecoupling shafts 512, but can include four peripheral coupling shafts 512that are equidistantly spaced apart from one another around the verticalextension shaft 510, and that can be positioned to correspond to foursurfaces of a square orifice of a post sleeve to be installed using thepost sleeve installation device 500. The peripheral coupling shafts 512can be coupled to the top of the Z-axis spacer 506 at respectivelocations forming the corners of a square. The peripheral couplingshafts 512 can be coupled to the top of the Z-axis spacer 506 atrespective locations spaced apart from one another by 90° along a circlehaving a center coincident with the central longitudinal axis of thevertical extension shaft 510. In other implementations, the couplingassembly 508 can include any suitable number of coupling shafts, such asa single one or exactly two, three, five, six, eight, or more couplingshafts.

The coupling shafts 512 and 514 can have any suitable cross-sectionalshape(s), such as circular, oval, elliptical, triangular, rectangular,square, pentagonal, or other cross-sectional shapes. In someembodiments, however, it can be particularly advantageous for thecoupling shafts 512 and 514 to include upper cylindrical portions 512 a,514 a having circular cross-sectional shapes, and lower base portions512 b, 514 b having shapes including truncated spheroids. For example,each of the lower base portions 512 b and 514 b can have a shapeincluding a prolate spheroid that is truncated at its top, where itmeets the upper cylindrical portion 512 a or 514 a, and truncated ateach of its four sides 512 c or 514 c. Thus, the base portions 512 b and514 b can taper from a relatively wide bottom end, having across-sectional shape comprising a square or a square with roundedcorners, upward toward a top end having a cross-sectional shapecomprising a circle matching the circular cross-sectional shape of theupper cylindrical portion 512 a or 514 a. In some implementations, thecoupling assembly 508 includes a cylindrical rod 516 seated between anupward facing semi-circular groove in the top of the Z-axis spacer 506and a downward facing semi-circular groove in the bottom of the couplingshafts 512. The cylindrical rod 516 can have a central longitudinal axisthat is perpendicular to, and that intersects with, a centrallongitudinal axis of the Z-axis spacer 506 such that it points towardthe center of the post sleeve installation device 500. An additionaladvantage provided by the cylindrical rod 516 is described furtherbelow.

The vertical extension shaft 510 has a square cross-sectional shape, butin other implementations can have any suitable cross-sectional shape.The edges of the square cross-sectional shape of the vertical extensionshaft 510 are aligned with or substantially parallel to the edges of thesquare cross-sectional shapes of the bottoms of the coupling shafts 512and 514, and all of these edges can be spatially representative of asquare post to be installed within a square post sleeve installed usingthe post sleeve installation device 500. The coupling shaft 514 has acentral longitudinal axis coincident with a central longitudinal axis ofthe vertical extension shaft 510, which is coincident with a centrallongitudinal axis of the Z-axis spacer 506, which can also be coincidentwith a central longitudinal axis of a post sleeve when the post sleeveis coupled to the post sleeve installation device 500. The couplingshafts 512 can have respective central longitudinal axes that areparallel to the central longitudinal axis of the Z-axis spacer, and thatare offset from the central longitudinal axis of the Z-axis spacer bywell-defined distances. The coupling shafts 512 and 514 can bepositioned at well-defined elevations above a post sleeve when the postsleeve is coupled to the post sleeve installation device 500.

FIG. 11 illustrates that the spacing beam 600 can include a telescopingmain body 602, a first end 604, and a second end 606 spaced apart fromthe first end 604 across the length of the main body 602. The spacingbeam 600 can also include a controller 608 mounted to the top of themain body 602 and a power supply 610 mounted to the bottom of the mainbody 602. FIG. 12 illustrates some components of the spacing beam 600,including the first end 604 of the spacing beam 600, in greater detail.As shown in FIG. 12, an end of the main body 602 can be coupled to aknuckle portion 612 at a hinge 614, and the knuckle portion 612 can becoupled to a rotatable member 616 at a joint 618.

The first end 604 of the spacing beam 600 can be configured such that,when the spacing beam 600 is in use, a pivot axis A₁ or centrallongitudinal axis of the hinge 614 is horizontal and perpendicular to acentral longitudinal axis of the main body 602, and such that a pivotaxis A₂ or central longitudinal axis of the joint 618 is vertical andperpendicular to the pivot axis of the hinge 614. Thus, when the spacingbeam 600 is in use, the joint 618 can allow the main body 602 to rotatehorizontally or yaw about a vertical axis A₂, and the hinge 614 canallow the main body 602 to rotate vertically or pitch up and down abouta horizontal axis A₁. The joint 618 can include a radial or rotaryencoder that measures the angular position of the knuckle 612 withrespect to the rotatable member 616 and outputs an analog or digitalsignal corresponding to this angular position, which can also correspondto a bearing of the main body 602. The hinge 614 can also include aradial or rotary encoder that measures the angular position of theknuckle 612 with respect to the main body 602 and outputs an analog ordigital signal corresponding to this angular position, which can alsocorrespond to a slope of the main body 602. The telescoping main body602 can also include a linear encoder that measures the length of themain body 602 along a longitudinal axis X, based on the relativepositions of an inner body 602 a and an outer body 602 b of the mainbody 602 (see FIG. 11), and outputs an analog or digital signalcorresponding to this length. The encoders described herein can beabsolute or incremental encoders.

The second end 606 of the spacing beam 600 can have components andfeatures corresponding to and matching those of the first end 604 of thespacing beam 600, or otherwise similar thereto. In some cases, thesecond end 606 includes a radial or rotary encoder in its hinge or jointto act as a check on the measurement from the encoder in the hinge 614and/or joint 618. In other instances, the second end 606 does notinclude an encoder in its hinge or joint to reduce expense andcomplexity.

FIG. 13 shows the bottom of some of the components of the exampleembodiment of the spacing beam 600 shown in FIGS. 11 and 12. Forexample, FIG. 13 shows that the rotatable member 616 includes an openingor mouth 620 to an internal cavity 622 of the rotatable member 616. Theopening 620 can have shape comprising a square or a square with roundedcorners that matches the shape of the bottom of the coupling shafts 512and 514. The internal cavity 622 can have a circular cross-sectionalshape that matches the cross-sectional shape of the upper cylindricalportions 512 a, 514 a of the coupling shafts 512 and 514. Thus, theopening 620 and internal cavity 622 of the spacing beam 600 can besnugly mated or coupled to one of the coupling shafts 512 or 514 of thepost sleeve installation device 500, such that the rotatable member 616is rotationally locked to the post sleeve installation device 500. Acentral longitudinal axis of the opening 620 can be coincident with acentral longitudinal axis of the cavity 622, as well as with a centrallongitudinal axis of the rotatable member 616 and an axis of rotation ofthe joint 618. The opening 620 can also include a downward-facingsemi-circular groove 621 having a central longitudinal axis thatintersects, and that is perpendicular to, the central longitudinal axisof the rotatable member 616 and the axis of rotation of the joint 618.The groove 621 can snugly mate with the portion of the cylindrical rod516 that extends above the top of the Z-axis spacer 506.

FIG. 13 also shows a gasket 624 between a knuckle extension 602 c andthe outer body 602 b of the main body 602. The gasket 624 can be coupledto the main body 602 to seal the knuckle extension 602 c to the outerbody 602 b. A plug 630, illustrated in an unplugged configuration tomore clearly illustrate its features, can be coupled to the gasket 624or formed integrally therewith, and can be used to plug a jack of thepower supply 610 when the power supply 610 is not in use, such as toprevent or reduce the ingress of contaminants through a connector of thepower supply 610.

FIGS. 14 and 15 show the controller 608. The controller 608 can includea power button 634, and can include internal circuitry to receive powerfrom the power supply 610 and to receive the signals corresponding tothe angles of rotation of the hinges 614 and the joints 618, and to thelength of the main body 602, of the spacing beam 600. The controller 608can also include a central processing unit and a display positioned at632 to process the signals and output results of the processing to auser. For example, based on the signals received by the controller 608,the controller 608 can compute x-, y-, and z-coordinate distances (e.g.,north-south, east-west, and elevation coordinate changes) between afirst post sleeve coupled to a first post sleeve installation device 500coupled to the first end 604 of the spacing beam 600 and a second postsleeve coupled to a second post sleeve installation device 500 coupledto the second end 606 of the spacing beam 600.

In some implementations, based on the signals received by the controller608 and using geometry and trigonometry, the controller 608 can computea distance, bearing, and elevation change between two post sleeves. Thedisplay can present numbers to a user, such as a horizontal distance 636between two post sleeves and a change in elevation 638 between the twopost sleeves, which can be signed to indicate whether the spacing beamis oriented uphill or downhill. As an example, a positive change inelevation 638 can indicate that the first end 604 of the spacing beam600 is located at a higher elevation than the second end 606 of thespacing beam 600. The controller 608 can also include a light 640 thatlights up when the spacing beam 600 is closer to level than anacceptable threshold amount.

The results can be output to a user visually at the display positionedat 632, and the controller 608 can also include USB port, Bluetooth andWiFi hardware and software, or other wireless communication devices, tocommunicate the results to a mobile computing device, such as a laptopcomputer or a smart phone. For example, FIG. 16 shows a photograph of auser interface of a cell phone for use with the systems describedherein, and illustrates that the user interface can display a length andheight distance between two adjacent fence post sleeves, the tilt andangles measured by the inclinometer and encoders discussed herein,latitude and longitude coordinates for the location, and a time themeasurement was taken. The mobile computing device can relay theinformation to a database stored at any location, such as over theinternet or other network. The controller 608 can also include a highlysensitive and highly accurate inclinometer that senses the slope of themain body 602 of the spacing beam 600, a compass, and Global PositioningSystem (“GPS”) hardware and software that can obtain the location of thecontroller 608.

A signal generated by the inclinometer can be used as a check of or as areplacement for the signal from the rotary encoder corresponding to theslope of the main body 602. In some cases, the signal from the rotaryencoder corresponding to the slope of the main body 602 (e.g., from arotary encoder at the hinge 614) can be compared to the signal generatedby the inclinometer and a difference between these two measurements canindicate a degree to which a post sleeve installation device 500 coupledto the main body 602 (e.g., by the hinge 614) is out of plumb. Inparticular, the signal from the inclinometer can indicate the true slopeof the main body 602 and the difference between the measurements canindicate the degree to which the post sleeve installation device 500deviates from vertical. The measurement of the degree to which the postsleeve installation device 500 is out of plumb can be used by aninstaller to plumb the post sleeve installation device (e.g., byadjustment until this measurement is zero) or can allow a fence panelmanufacturer to manufacture fence panels to be installed usingout-of-plumb post sleeves.

A signal generated by the compass can be used to determine a bearing ofthe main body 602, such as to provide a check of the signal from therotary encoder corresponding to a bearing of the main body 602. Thesignals from the rotary encoders corresponding to the bearing and slopeof the main body 602, the compass data, and/or the GPS data can be usedto display the location and bearing of a software-developed fence systemor the main body 602 and post sleeve installation devices 500, or postsleeves installed in the ground on a map of the region where the fenceis to be installed. The controller 608 can also include a thermometerthat can output a signal corresponding to an environmental temperature,which can be used to compensate, when computing measurements, forchanges to dimensions of components of the system resulting from changesin the environmental temperature at the time of installation.

Methods of using a post sleeve positioning system including a pluralityof post sleeve installation devices 500 and the spacing beam 600 can besimilar to other methods described elsewhere herein. In one examplemethod, a user can use a first post sleeve installation device 500 toposition and install a first post sleeve. The user can then determinethe absolute location of the first post sleeve, such as by using the GPScomponents of the post sleeve positioning system, a separate GPS device,or by traditional survey methods. The user can then use a second postsleeve installation device 500 to position a second post sleeve. Theuser can then use a first spacing beam 600 to measure the relativelocations of the first and second post sleeves, and can adjust thelocation of the second post sleeve until the user determines, using thefirst spacing beam 600, that the relative locations of the first andsecond post sleeves are suitable. The user can then install the secondpost sleeve and record the relative locations of the first and secondpost sleeves, and thus also the absolute location of the second postsleeve. Data representing any of the raw measurements described herein,and/or the relative locations of the first and second post sleeves, canbe communicated from the controller 608 to the mobile computing device,and from the mobile computing device to the database, or from thecontroller 608 directly to the database.

The method can progress and the steps can be repeated in any suitableorder. For example, a user can use a third post sleeve installationdevice 500 to position a third post sleeve, and the user can then usethe first spacing beam 600 or a second spacing beam 600 to measure,adjust if necessary, and record the relative locations of the second andthird post sleeves. Alternatively, the user can remove the first postsleeve installation device 500 from the first post sleeve and use thefirst post sleeve installation device 500 to position a third postsleeve, and then use the first spacing beam 600 or a second spacing beam600 to measure, adjust if necessary, and record the relative positionsof the second and third post sleeves.

In another example method, a user can use a post sleeve installationsystem including a plurality of post sleeve installation devices 500 andthe spacing beam 600 to position post sleeves at predeterminedlocations. For example, the user can couple a first post sleeve to afirst post sleeve installation device 500 and use the post sleeveinstallation system and GPS components included therein, a separate GPSdevice, or traditional survey methods to position and install the firstpost sleeve at a predetermined location to within suitable tolerances.The user can then couple a second post sleeve to a second post sleeveinstallation device 500 and couple the spacing beam 600 to the first andsecond post sleeve installation devices 500. The user can then use theoutput provided by the controller 608 to adjust the position of thesecond post sleeve until the position of the second post sleeve matchesa predetermined location for the second post sleeve to within suitabletolerances. The user can repeat these steps in any suitable order forany desired number of post sleeves.

If the user encounters an especially steep grade such that the verticalrotation of the spacing beam 600 allowed at the hinge 614 isinsufficient to accommodate the change in elevation between two adjacentpost sleeve installation devices 500, then the user can couple one endof the spacing beam 600 to a coupling shaft 512 of the higher of the twopost sleeve installation devices 500 and the other end of the spacingbeam 600 to the coupling shaft 514 of the lower post sleeve installationdevice 500. The vertical extension shaft 510 can have well-defineddimensions including a well-defined height, such as a height of sixinches, and can act as a vertical offset to allow a post sleeveinstallation system to traverse steeper grades than would be allowedwithout the vertical extension shaft 510. The user can provide input tothe controller 608, e.g., manually or via a sensor trigger on thecoupling shaft 514, to indicate that the system is being operated insuch a manner, so the controller can modify its geometric ortrigonometric calculations accordingly.

If the user couples multiple spacing beams 600 to one post sleeveinstallation device 500, the user can couple the spacing beams to anysuitable combination of the coupling shafts 512 and 514. For example, toinstall post sleeves for fence posts of a single fence run, the user cancouple a first spacing beam 600 to a first coupling shaft 512 and asecond spacing beam 600 to a second coupling shaft 512 opposite to thefirst coupling shaft 512 across the vertical extension shaft 510, whichcan be representative of opposing sides of a fence post to eventually beinstalled in that location, such that two of the coupling shafts 512 arespaced apart from one another by 180°. As another example, to installpost sleeves for fence posts at a location where one fence run meetsanother (e.g., at a corner of a fence), the user can couple spacingbeams 600 to coupling shafts 512 of a fence post installation device 500spaced apart from one another by 90°, which can be representative ofadjacent or perpendicular sides of a fence post to eventually beinstalled in that location. As another example, to install post sleevesfor fence posts at a location where one fence run intersects anotherfence run, the user can couple spacing beams 600 to three or four of thecoupling shafts 512 of a fence post installation device 500.

A post sleeve installation system kit can include a plurality of fencepost installation devices 500 and/or a plurality of spacing beams 600.For example, a kit can include exactly two fence post installationdevices 500 and exactly one spacing beam 600. As another example, a kitcan include multiple post sleeve installation devices 500 and multiplespacing beams 600, such as 5 to 8 post sleeve installation devices 500and 3 to 5 spacing beams 600. In some cases, a kit can include multiplespacing beams 600 having different nominal lengths from one another,such as a first spacing beam having a minimum length of 33 inches and asecond spacing beam having a maximum length of 96 inches. Providing akit with spacing beams 600 of different nominal lengths can facilitatethe placement of post sleeves at the ends of fence runs and in theregion of gates in a fence run. In other cases, a kit can includemultiple spacing beams 600 having different sensor configurations, suchas three spacing beams 600 including the a radial encoder at therespective joints 618 and three spacing beams 600 not including a radialencoder at the respective joints 618, such as for use in installingstraight fence runs.

Once a post sleeve is positioned within a post hole, the hole can beinitially only partially back-filled using a fast-setting concrete,expansion foam, or other formulation of a hardenable material, so thatthe post sleeve installation devices 500 can be moved more quickly. Auser can return later to finish back-filling the hole with a concreteformulation, expansion foam, or other hardenable material that isselected for strength and weatherability rather than setting speed. Afirst partial footing can be configured to set very quickly, withsufficient strength to hold a respective post sleeve in place, to permitthe user to work more quickly using fewer post sleeve installationdevices 500. Further, the material of the partial footing can beconfigured to have a selected porosity to permit water that enters thesleeve to percolate from the sleeve into the ground at a controlledrate.

Various devices and methods have been described for obtaining dataregarding the relative positions of post sleeves, including elevation,orientation, and distance apart. It should be noted that in some cases,the only information necessary is distance and elevation, or evendistance, alone. For example, if a fence is to include only straightlines and right angles, and the posts are to be square and aligned withthe fence line, every fence panel will be perpendicular to the faces ofthe posts to which it is attached. Thus, orientation of each post neednot be measured. This is also true if the posts are to be round,regardless of the path followed by the fence line. Likewise, if thefence is to follow a substantially level line, elevation need not bemeasured. Thus, while various implementations enable the collection andtransmission of many classes of data, the scope of the claims alsoencompasses implementations in which only limited data is collected ortransmitted.

Many of the disclosed implementations can be adapted for use with otherpost support mechanisms, such as, for example, post brackets, which aresometimes used to attach posts to existing surfaces. Furthermore, evenin cases where posts are set in the ground by conventional means,without sleeves, custom fence panels can be manufactured as disclosed,if the necessary data is collected and transmitted to the manufacturer.

According to various implementations, as discussed above, data relatedto the positioning of the post sleeves of a fence are collected for useby a fabricator to make fence panels or kits in a factory environmentthat are “custom-made” for that fence. According to anotherimplementation, a central data archive is provided, to which the data isalso sent. By collecting and storing such information, it is preservedfor access at any time in the future. For example, if a portion of afence is damaged, the information is available to produce replacementpanels with the same style, material, and finish as the original fence,even if the fence is a one-of-a-kind design. Any properly equippedfabricator can use the previously stored data to manufacture replacementpanels that will perfectly match the original design. Furthermore, whena fence is to be completely replaced, it is not necessary to obtain newdata unless the location of the fence also changes. Otherwise, new postscan be placed in the original post sleeves, meaning that the originaldata will still be valid.

Ideally, the central archive collects data from a very largegeographical region, e.g., nationally. However, a number of differentfacilities can collect the information for respective smallergeographical areas, as well, such as by state or county. Archives can bemaintained by any of a number of different entities, including, forexample, local or national trade groups, for-profit companies, localgovernments or extension services, fabricators themselves, etc.

Nevertheless, there are some benefits that are obtained from centralizedcollection of the information. For example, statistical data can beobtained for evaluation of performance and durability of different postsleeve designs, materials, and installation methods, over extendedperiods, in many different environments. Also, with plural archives, itmay be at times difficult to locate data for a given fence. Controllingentities can move or go out of business or consolidate; competingmanufacturers could be reluctant to share data, etc. In contrast, ifthere is one central archive, there is never a problem locating thedata, and it is more likely to remain current.

A fence installation process can be provided. Initially, a piece ofproperty is surveyed and the property lines are defined. This can be inconjunction with the subdivision of a larger parcel, or by a developerwho surveys all the lots of a housing development, etc. The locations ofpost sleeves are then determined. According to one implementation, asoftware program is provided that is configured to automatically selectthe positions and spacing of the post sleeves on the basis of the plotplan or survey data, and preferences entered by a user. For example, theuser can define the maximum distance between posts or the maximum lengthof fence rails, and can select the locations of gates, runs, etc., whichare shown on a site map that can be printed out for use by theinstaller. If the post sleeve installation system is configured toemploy a post-to-post spacing format, like that described with referenceto FIGS. 2-8, the locations of the fence and main posts are marked onthe property by referring to the site map. The markings are general innature, e.g., a string line, laser line, stakes, GPS, etc., to assist ininitial positioning of the post holes and main post sleeves. The postholes are then dug and the sleeves are installed. Although the installerworks from the site map and spacing previously set forth, the actualposition and orientation of each post sleeve, relative to the adjacentsleeves, is determined and recorded by the installer. This ensures thatsmall deviations from the prescribed positioning are recorded, so thefence panels will fit properly.

The post sleeves may be installed before other construction is begun,and perhaps even before the property is fully graded. The installerpositions the post sleeves relative to the desired finish elevation,even if the ground where the post sleeves are installed is not yet atthe finish grade level. In such a case, the contractor may thereafteruse the pre-positioned post sleeves as markers when finish grading theproperty. This means that particular sleeves may be installed somedistance above or below the current grade. To install below grade, ofcourse, the installer merely digs a deeper post hole and places thesleeve at the correct level. To install more than a few inches abovegrade, the installer can use a commercially available concrete form(e.g., a Sonotube® form) to make a short column in which the sleeve isembedded. The sleeves can be capped to prevent dirt from falling inside,or marker flags can be placed in the sleeves so the graders can seethem, for reference, and to avoid damaging them. The sleeves arepositioned so that, when the property is at the finish grade, thesleeves (capped) are a few inches above the surface and ready to receiveposts.

During installation of the post sleeves, information necessary formanufacture of the panels is collected, either automatically ormanually, depending on the installation system used. This information issent to a central archive, where it is assigned a file number andstored. The information provided by the post sleeve installer includesthe locations of all of the post sleeves on the property, their relativepositions and orientations, and the unique identifier of each sleeve.Additional information that can be provided includes, for example, thesleeve model and manufacturer, the grade of concrete used to install thesleeve, provisions made for drainage, depth of concrete, hole diameter,relative heading from neighboring sleeves, GPS coordinates, installationdate, the installing contractor, and the current property owner. All ofthe measured GPS coordinates can be cross-referenced using the othermeasurements taken during installation to improve the overall accuracyof the GPS coordinates.

When a property owner, contractor, or developer is ready to install afence, they can go to an internet-connected software system and inputthe relevant address. The program can search for stored data and renderthe 3-D post sleeve installation locations in a rotatable userinterface. The user can then select from lists of options a fencematerial such as vinyl, a style such as lattice top, a minimum and amaximum height of the fence to allow the fence to follow a contour ofthe land, and a method by which the top of the fence would traverse thetopography such as stair step, topography-following, concave, or convexfinish. The software can render and price the fence system as the usermakes selections and adapts the model to their liking. Once the user issatisfied, the user can consummate a sale and an order can be processedover the internet to the closest properly equipped manufacturer formanufacture of the fence and post system components. As the fence panelsand posts are produced they can be marked with unique identifiers of thesleeves they are to be installed with, and the components can be shippedto the relevant address for installation or to an installer.

An installer removes storage caps from the tops of the sleeves, andplaces the posts in the corresponding sleeves, then attaches each panelto the appropriate posts, referring to the markings placed by themanufacturer on the fence components and the unique identifier of eachpost sleeve to correctly position each post and panel. The fencecomponents can be installed by a contractor working for the developer orproperty owner, or a reasonably handy property owner can do theinstallation, unassisted.

In cases where the fence is installed by a developer when the propertyis first subdivided and developed, installation may be days, weeks, ormonths after installation of the post sleeves. The developer may installfence panels only along property lines around the perimeter of adevelopment, while leaving the remaining post sleeves unoccupied butcovered with form-fitting storage caps. If fences are not installed bythe developer, some who later purchase lots may elect to install fences,while others may not. However, even years later, a second or third ownercan choose to install a fence, and the sleeves will be waiting and thedata still available at the archive. Furthermore, because the sleevesare installed according to the original survey when the property issubdivided, they can appear on later survey maps and in the legaldescription of the property, and can be used as visual reference markersto correctly define boundaries thereafter. Thus, installing the postsleeves can enhance the value of the property and assist in the sale ofthe original property by visually defining the property lines,regardless of whether a fence is actually installed at that time.

When an individual purchases a lot, the data is already on file, and theowner can consult with a contractor, a fabricator, or refer to a websitesuch as the one described above to select a fence design, materials,finish, etc. The user can provide a file number or other information toidentify the specific property, and the consultant or website softwarecan then download the pertinent data from the central archive andproduce a rendering of the property's installation locations, showing afence in the selected design, or showing various options for the user tochoose from. The software can allow the user to order a finished paneland post system or a do-it-yourself kit including the components andplans needed to build the panels on-site. Once the user has made aselection, the order can be placed immediately, by any appropriatemeans, including by telephone, email, web order, etc.

When a customer orders fence panels, a software system can automaticallydownload the necessary data a fabricator's optimization and assemblysystem. If the fence style is one of a number of designs that areoffered as standard by the fabricator, and if the extent of the datadownloaded from the central archive is relative post sleeve positions,information specific to that style can be already present in the system,so that when an operator enters the information specific to the postsleeves of the customer's property, the system automatically calculatesthe numbers and dimensions of all the individual parts of each panel tobe manufactured.

At any given time, the fabricator may have dozens of fence orders inqueue. Lumber enters the system in random length boards according to thelengths of the stems from which they were milled, or as mill shorts. Thesystem carries a running list of material yet to be cut for all thepending orders. As each board is fed into the machinery, the systemscans it to determine its dimensions and to detect flaws, thencalculates which of the list of pieces can be cut from the board toresult in the least amount of waste, cutting the board accordingly. Thesystem can also be configured to consider the structural strengthnecessary for a given piece. Thus, for example, a rail that willeventually span between two posts and support much of the weight of thepanel, as well as wind load, etc., may need to be substantially clear ofknots and checks, while a slat of a lattice, which will never berequired to support more than a minimal load, can have a number ofstructural flaws, provided they don't detract from its appearance.

After cutting, each piece can be marked with a code that indicates thejob, panel, and component, and is then sorted, at least by job. Markingcan be by any of a number of known means, including stamping, laser,spray, RFID, etc. Alternatively, an inline sorting and tracking systemcan be enabled to memorize each component track through the assemblyprocess without visual markings.

One of the fence rails of each panel is also marked at each end with theunique identifier of the respective post sleeves between which thatpanel is to be installed. The fence posts are also marked with uniqueidentifiers after they are cut to length. During installation, theinstaller will refer to these markings to determine the location of theparticular posts and panels. If necessary, the marked portions can becovered by a clear wax or finish to prevent stain or paint that is laterapplied from obscuring the markings.

According to one implementation, assembly workers assemble all thecomponents of each panel, referring to the markings to correctlyassemble the components. The markings can be in a computer-readableformat, such as bar codes, so that if a worker is unsure of where aparticular piece of material belongs, its marking can be passed under areader, and the system will indicate the panel and location of thepiece. According to another implementation, the system automaticallyassembles at least portions of some or all of the panels, with workersdoing final assembly. According to yet another implementation, in caseslike continuous extrusion of vinyl fencing, a flying bridge saw can cuteach piece of a desired fence panel in a continuous line being managedby a pick-and-place robot assembling the panels enabling a zero wasteenvironment where even the vinyl shavings are returned back to theextrusion process for reuse.

Either before or after assembly of a wood fence, the components of thefence can be factory-finished, by dipping or spraying each componentwith a stain or paint finish selected by the customer. Once the finishhas cured, the components are crated or banded for shipment. The panelsand posts are preferably stacked and banded in order of position in thefinished fence line, so that the installer can place a stack of panelson a cart or flatbed truck and, moving along the fence line, drop thecorrect panel and post at each position, in order. In most cases, therewill be little or no waste at the fence site, apart from packingmaterial, which itself will be minimal.

Over time, fence posts and panels will be damaged or will deteriorate.Replacement panels can be easily obtained using the system. Either theproperty owner or the manufacturer can obtain the data from therepository, including style, material, finish, and possibly detailedscaled images of the installed product during production. The customermerely indicates which panels and which posts need to be replaced, andthe manufacturer can produce an identical panel from the original data,which is then shipped to the customer. If a single unique fence boardneeds to be replaced, it is possible to cut an exact match and ship thereplacement. If posts need to be replaced, the old posts are pulled fromthe sleeves, which are then cleaned, if necessary, and the new posts aredropped in. The panels are then installed as previously described.

While fabrication of wood panels is described above, other materials,such as, but not limited to, plastics and metal, can also be processedsimilarly. This is especially true where, because of normal operationsin related or unrelated industries, there is a surplus of materials thatare normally scrapped, but that could be used in fence panels.

According to an implementation, the end consumer accesses a softwareprogram that provides all the necessary tools to select a fence designand place an order. The program may be accessed, for example, via theinternet, at a retail location, or with the assistance of a contractor.The user can input an address or some other identifier such as tax lotnumber etc. If data related to that property is present in the centralrepository or in other accessible records, the program then populateswith a 2- or 3-dimensional rendering of the property, according to theinformation and detail that is available. The rendering includes thecurrent fence or previously installed post sleeves. The user selectsmaterials, color and finish, style, and other details, all of which aredisplayed and described in the rendering, as they are selected.Information about manufacturers is provided, such as delivery times andprices. A running subtotal of the cost of the fence is provided,together with costs (or estimates) of delivery, installation, and tax,together with a total cost. The user is thus able to select and order afence according to personal criteria, without outside assistance orinterference, or whatever level of assistance or advice is desired. Oncean order is placed, the system updates the central repositoryaccordingly.

In a similar fashion, a user can select and order an individualreplacement panel, inputting the unique identifier or identifying theparticular panel from the 3D model or stored pictures. Additionally, theconsumer can log on to the website, or otherwise access the system fromtime to time, to update the database to reflect changes, e.g., new staincolors, contractors used, etc., or to access the actual plot plan forfuture reference.

While devices configured for use in installing post sleeves may berecited in the claims, unless specifically recited as an element, postsleeve is not to be read as a claim limitation, i.e., if a claim readson a device with a post sleeve attached, it will also read on the samedevice without the post sleeve.

References in the specification and claims to movement in or parallel toordinal axes, such as the X, Y, or Z axis, do not refer to specificaxes, but to three mutually orthogonal axes, except that reference tothe Z axis can be understood as referring in particular to a verticalaxis, while X and Y axes can be understood as lying in a horizontalplane. Reference to orientation is to be understood as referring to anangle of rotation around a vertical axis.

The term position refers to the location of an element in threeorthogonal axes, unless explicitly limited further.

The term post is used in the specification and claims in relation to avertical support member, such as is used, for example, to support afence or sign, and is not to be construed as meaning subsequent to.

The term post bracket is used as a generic term to refer to hardwareconfigured to support a post at or above a surface, including, forexample, a bolt pattern plate, a “U” bracket, a pier bracket, and a postbracket. The term post receiver is used in the claims to refergenerically to structures configured to receive and support a post,including, for example, prefabricated post sleeves, post brackets, andpoured-in-place post sleeves (made using a post hole mold).

Adjustments made before coupling the post sleeve to a device can be readas adjusting the post sleeve. The abstract of the present disclosure isnot intended as a complete or definitive description of any embodimentthereof, nor should it be relied upon to define terms used in thespecification or claims. The abstract does not limit the scope of theclaims.

Features and aspects of the various embodiments described above can becombined, and further modifications can be made, to provide furtherembodiments. All of the U.S. patents, U.S. patent applicationpublications, U.S. patent applications, foreign patents, foreign patentapplications and non-patent publications referred to in thisspecification and/or listed in the Application Data Sheet, includingU.S. Pat. Nos. 7,861,434 and 8,011,149, U.S. Provisional PatentApplication No. 62/306,988, filed Mar. 11, 2016, and U.S. patentapplication Ser. No. 15/453,725, filed Mar. 8, 2017, are incorporatedherein by reference, in their entireties. Aspects of the embodiments canbe modified, if necessary to employ concepts of the various patents,applications and publications to provide yet further embodiments.

These and other changes can be made to the embodiments in light of theabove-detailed description. In general, in the following claims, theterms used should not be construed to limit the claims to the specificembodiments disclosed in the specification, but should be construed toinclude all possible embodiments along with the full scope ofequivalents to which such claims are entitled.

1. A system for positioning post sleeves, the system comprising: a firstpost sleeve installation device configured to receive a first postsleeve; a second post sleeve installation device configured to receive asecond post sleeve; and a spacing mechanism coupleable between the firstand second post sleeve installation devices to determine or control anelevation of the first post sleeve relative to the second post sleeve,the spacing mechanism having an adjustable pitch.
 2. The system of claim1 wherein the spacing mechanism comprises a spacing beam configured tobe coupled at a first end to the first post sleeve installation deviceand at a second end to the second post sleeve installation device. 3.The system of claim 1 wherein the adjustable pitch of the spacingmechanism enables the spacing mechanism to be oriented at a plurality ofnon-zero pitches.
 4. The system of claim 1 wherein the spacing mechanismincludes a main body having a first end and a second end opposite thefirst end, and wherein the spacing mechanism includes a hinge and ajoint at the first end of the main body.
 5. The system of claim 4wherein the hinge has a horizontal pivot axis that is perpendicular to alongitudinal axis of the main body, and wherein the joint has a pivotaxis that is perpendicular to the horizontal pivot axis of the hinge. 6.The system of claim 5 wherein the joint includes a first radial encoderto sense an angular rotation of the joint and the hinge includes asecond radial encoder to sense an angular rotation of the hinge.
 7. Thesystem of claim 6 wherein the main body includes telescoping portionsand a main body sensor configured to sense a change in length of themain body.
 8. The system of claim 7, further comprising: a controllerconfigured to receive signals from the first and second radial encodersand the main body sensor and output data indicative of a position and anelevation of the first post sleeve installation device with respect tothe second post sleeve installation device.
 9. The system of claim 1wherein the spacing mechanism includes a main body having a first endand a second end opposite the first end, and wherein the spacingmechanism includes a respective hinge and a respective joint at each ofthe first and second ends of the main body, each hinge having ahorizontal pivot axis that is perpendicular to a longitudinal axis ofthe main body, and each joint having a pivot axis that is perpendicularto the horizontal pivot axis of the hinge.
 10. The system of claim 1wherein the first post sleeve installation device includes a verticalcoupling shaft and an end of the spacing mechanism includes an internalcavity configured to receive the vertical coupling shaft.
 11. The systemof claim 10 wherein the vertical coupling shaft has a bottom end havinga cross-sectional shape comprising a first square and the internalcavity has an opening having a cross-sectional shape comprising a secondsquare corresponding to the first square.
 12. The system of claim 10wherein the first post sleeve installation device includes a pluralityof vertical coupling shafts, and the end of the spacing mechanism isselectively coupleable to one of the plurality of vertical couplingshafts.
 13. A method of installing fence post sleeves, comprising:installing a first fence post sleeve using an installation device; andadjusting an elevation of a second fence post sleeve relative to thefirst fence post sleeve using the installation device, the installationdevice including a spacing mechanism oriented at a non-zero pitch. 14.The method of claim 13 wherein adjusting the elevation of the secondfence post sleeve includes determining, using a controller, theelevation of the second fence post sleeve relative to the first fencepost sleeve based on a signal, received by the controller, correspondingto the non-zero pitch.
 15. The method of claim 14, further comprisingcommunicating a signal corresponding to the elevation of the secondfence post sleeve relative to the first fence post sleeve to a remotedatabase. 16-18. (canceled)